P21 Peptide: Possible Properties

The nootropic peptide P21, whose other names include Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor one and CDK-interacting protein, has been the subject of research into its potential to enhance neurogenesis. According to animal research, P21 peptide seems to increase BDNF levels, suppress neurogenesis, and produce the Tau proteins and Amyloid plaques characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease.

Researchers are investigating P21’s potential impacts on the brain and its possible relevance in disease-mitigating research. This article will discuss the impacts, potential properties, and research on P21 and point you toward the most reliable online vendor selling it for research purposes.

P21 Peptide: What is it?

The original CNTF antibodies were used to develop P-21, a modified peptide nootropic. Studies suggest that besides defending neurons against inflammatory assaults, the naturally occurring protein CNTF may promote neurotransmitter production. Animal studies have indicated that this protein may aid weight reduction by reducing hunger, which means that the animal models eat less overall. 

The compound CNTF was once marketed as Axokine in the context of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A procedure called epitope mapping directed antibodies to specific binding sites to develop P21, a tiny derivative of CNTF. 

The binding site was initially established using antibodies against the active regions of CNTF receptors. These antibodies were then used to determine which synthetic peptides mimicked and modified this binding. The development of P21 followed from this. Research indicates that P21 may cross the blood-brain barrier and bind to the receptor. In contrast to natural CNTF, as suggested by studies, P21 may be both tiny enough to pass this barrier and stable enough in the plasma to achieve a concentration of over 95%.

P21 Peptide: Mechanism of Action 

Investigations purport that P21 may promote dentate gyrus neurogenesis. Part of the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus, is thought to help learn new things about surroundings and create new episodic memories. Mammals can distinguish between memories because this brain region facilitates pattern separation and pre-processes incoming data. The potential of P21 peptide nootropic on the gyrus has naturally piqued the curiosity of neuroscientists. 

Studies have suggested that P21 may improve BDNF levels, phosphorylated GSK3B levels, and AMPA receptor protein levels, among other properties in the organism. According to research in mice, the P21 peptide is not an analog of CNTF as it does not attach to the CNTF receptor. On the contrary, it has been hypothesized to block its neutralizing antibodies and chemicals. So, the peptide P21 may raise CNTF levels and produce the same results as the real hormone, investigations purport. 

New data suggests elevated P21 levels in the dentate gyrus may be associated with increased BrdU-positive cells and synthetic nucleosides. Additionally, according to the same study, the P-21 peptide seems to stimulate cell proliferation in this area, lending credence to the idea that this proliferation improved neurogenesis.

P21 Peptide Potential

First, we’ll examine some of the speculated positive impacts of P21 on phyiological systems that scientists have published in the course of their research. 

P21 Peptide and Memory

P21 is speculated to prevent harm to the central nervous system and improve cognitive function. It is believed to do this by promoting the maturation of neuronal precursor cells into fully formed neurons. Animal studies have also suggested that P21 peptide may improve learning and memory by increasing neuronal connectivity. 

According to recent P21 studies, this molecule seems to excel in memory, learning, and general cognitive function. Studies conducted in mice also indicate that this peptide may enhance object discrimination and reasoning. 

In addition, it has been hypothesized to increase concentrations of neurogenesis-related markers such as GluR1, synapsin 1, and NR1. In health and illness, P21 is believed to enhance these proteins. Animal studies have purported that P21 may be essentially supporting in proper brain function, learning, and memory.

P21 Peptide and Dementia Stroke

Data from research suggests that P21 may alleviate some of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease by stimulating more activity in the dentate gyrus. Aged brain organs may not respond to brain injury by increasing activity in the gyrus, which is AD’s natural response. Animal studies have indicated that this may potentially be adjustable with P21 peptide. 

Scientific studies report that neurotrophin-4 and neurotrophic factor levels may be increased due to P21’s neurotrophic support. At the same time, it has been theorized to reduce growth factor 2’s mitogenic actions. Researchers speculated that presenting mouse models with P21 before the start of AD might act as a prophylactic measure. 

BDNF has also been associated with reducing tau and amyloid plaque-causing enzymes in AD brains. This suggests that P21 may have the potential to be an innovative Alzheimer’s approach and prevention tool. 

P21 Peptide and Cancer

Recent studies have asserted that P21 may control every critical cellular process, including those contributing to cancer cell development, metastasis, and response. That’s why experts are vigorously studying the potential of the P21 peptide as a cancer approach. Several chemotherapeutic substances are believed to be engineered to increase P21 activity to slow cancer development. 

Findings imply that P21 may suppress the activity of CDK2, which in turn prevents the growth of cancer cells, especially breast cancer cells. Extensive research has reported that the P21 peptide hormone may trigger the activation of the estrogen receptor-a gene.

P21 Peptide and Food Intake

Curiously, weight reduction might also be part of the P21 outcomes. There may be some data suggesting that P21 may inhibit hunger, but no research has directly linked it to fat reduction. The specialists think this is a known adverse impact of increasing CNTF levels, which stimulates the creation of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. 

P21 has been hypothesized to raise these levels, which raises alpha-MSH levels, a molecule linked to reduced food consumption. Therefore, while it is not a weight-reduction compound, data suggests it may become one.

Scientists interested in P21 peptide for their investigations are encouraged to visit the Core Peptides website for the highest-quality research compounds available online. 

Please note that none of the compounds mentioned in this paper have been approved for human or animal consumption and should, therefore, not be utilized by unlicensed individuals outside of contained research environments such as laboratories. This article serves educational purposes only.

References

[i] Li, Bin, Lukas Wanka, Julie Blanchard, Fei Liu, Muhammad Omar Chohan, Khalid Iqbal, and Inge Grundke-Iqbal. “Neurotrophic Peptides Incorporating Adamicetane Improve Learning and Memory, Promote Neurogenesis and Synaptic Plasticity in Mice.” FEBS Letters 584, no. 15: 3359–3365. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2010.06.025.

[ii] Baazaoui, Narjes, and Khalid Iqbal. “Prevention of Dendritic and Synaptic Deficits and Cognitive Impairment with a Neurotrophic Compound.” Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy 9, no. 1 (June 27, 2017). doi:10.1186/s13195-017-0273-7.

[iii] Liu, Y., Wei, W., Baazaoui, N., Liu, F., & Iqbal, K. (2019). Inhibition of AMD-Like Pathology With a Neurotrophic Compound in Aged Rats and 3xTg-AD Mice. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 11, 309. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00309

[iv] Shamloo B, Usluer S. p21 in Cancer Research. Cancers (Basel). 2019 Aug 14;11(8):1178. doi: 10.3390/cancers11081178. PMID: 31416295; PMCID: PMC6721478.

[v] Karimian A, Ahmadi Y, Yousefi B. Multiple functions of p21 in cell cycle, apoptosis and transcriptional regulation after DNA damage. DNA Repair (Amst). 2016 Jun;42:63-71. doi: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.04.008. Epub 2016 Apr 22. PMID: 27156098.

[vi]Wei, W., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Dai, C. L., Tung, Y. C., Liu, F., & Iqbal, K. (2020). Prenatal to early postnatal neurotrophic treatment prevents Alzheimer-like behavior and pathology in mice. Alzheimer’s research &Zohny SF, Al-Malki AL, Zamzami MA, Choudhry H. p21Waf1/Cip1: its paradoxical effect in the regulation of breast cancer. Breast Cancer. 2019 Mar;26(2):131-137. doi: 10.1007/s12282-018-0913-1. Epub 2018 Sep 25. PMID: 30255294. therapy, 12(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-020-00666-7

[vii] Zohny SF, Al-Malki AL, Zamzami MA, Choudhry H. p21Waf1/Cip1: its paradoxical effect in the regulation of breast cancer. Breast Cancer. 2019 Mar;26(2):131-137. doi: 10.1007/s12282-018-0913-1. Epub 2018 Sep 25. PMID: 30255294.

[viii] Khatoon, S., Chalbot, S., Bolognin, S., Puoliväli, J., & Iqbal, K. (2015). Elevated Tau Level in Aged Rat Cerebrospinal Fluid Reduced by Treatment with a Neurotrophic Compound. Journal of Alzheimer’s disease : JAD, 47(3), 557–564. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-142799